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The Makhuwa language, ''Emakhuwa'' (also spelled Makua and Macua) is the primary Bantu language of northern Mozambique. It is spoken by 4 million Makua people, who live north of the Zambezi River, particularly in the province of Nampula. It is the most populous indigenous language of Mozambique. The province of Nampula has practically no other ethnic group.〔''Relatório do I Seminário sobre a Padronização da Ortografia de Línguas Moçambicanas''. NELIMO, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, 1989.〕 The Makhuwa language is also spoke in the Congo in the district of Makoua Apart from the languages which belong to the same group, eMakhuwa is distinguished from other Bantu languages by the loss of consonant + vowel prefixes in favour of ''e-'' - compare ''epula'', "rain", with Tswana pula. Vowels used are ''i, e, a, o, u'', which is unusually sparse for a Bantu language: long and short varieties need to be distinguished: *''omala'' - to finish *''omaala'' - to paste, stick *''omela'' - to sprout, bud *''omeela'' - to share out The consonants are more complex: postalveolar ''tt'' and ''tth'' exist, both ''p'' and ''ph'' are used, and both ''x'' (English "sh") and ''h'', while ''x'' varies with ''s''. Regionally there is also ''θ'' (the "th" of English "thorn" or the Welsh "th"), ''ð'' (the "th" of English "seethe" and "dd" of Welsh "eisteddfod"), ''z'' and ''ng''. In eLomwe, for instance, the ''-tt-'' of eMakhuwa is represented by a "ch" as in English "church".〔 Makhuwa is closely related to Lomwe. ==Dialects== The names of the dialects vary in different sources. The shibboleth or distinctive variant in the dialects is the treatment of the ''s'': * eSamgagi dialect: ''odhiva'' * eSangagi dialect: ''θtiva'' * eSaaka dialect: ''ociva'' * eNahara dialect: ''oziva'' - all meaning "agreeable, pleasant" 〔 Maho (2009) lists the following dialects:〔 * Central Makhuwa (3.1 million) * Meetto (Metto) (1.3 million, including Ruvuma) * Chirima (Shirima) (1.5 million, including subdialects Kokola, Lolo, Manyawa, Marenje, Takwane) * Marrevone (Coastal Makhuwa; 460,000 including eNahara) * eNahara (Naharra) * eSaka (Saka, 210,000) * Ruvuma Makhuwa (Tanzanian Makhuwa, including subdialects Imithupi, Ikorovere) Mutual intelligibility between these is limited. Central Makhuwa ("Makhuwa-Makhuwana") is the basis of the standard language. ''Ethnologue'' lists Central Makhuwa, Meetto–Ruvuma, Marrevone–Enahara, and Esaka as separate languages, and Chirima as six languages. The population figures are from ''Ethnologue'' for 2006. They tally 3.1 million speakers of Central Makhuwa and 3.5 million of the other varieties, though the ''Ethnologue'' article for Central Makhuwa covers Marrevone and Enahara, so these might be double counted. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Makhuwa language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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